China’s Internet development history
1, What is the Internet?
Interactive computer network Internet is the acronym, also known as the Inter-net network. It is the use of communications equipment and lines all over the world will be different geographical features relatively independent of the tens of millions of computer systems interconnection, and to improve the function of the network software (network communication protocol, network operating systems, etc.) to achieve a total of network resources Enjoy the exchange of information and data communications network.
2, Internet the origin and development
The origin of the earliest Internet in the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DARPA (Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency), the predecessor of ARPAnet, the network in 1969 and put into use. This, ARPAnet become a modern symbol of the birth of the computer network.
From the 1960s, funded by ARPA, the computer companies and universities to develop and jointly developed the ARPAnet network. Initially, ARPAnet was mainly used for military purpose of the study, it is mainly based on the guiding ideology: networks must withstand the test of the failure to maintain normal work, in case of war, when part of a network for the attacks and lose the ability to work , The rest of the network should be able to maintain normal communications work. ARPAnet technically is another major contribution to the TCP / IP protocol development and use of the cluster. As of early Internet backbone network, ARPAnet pilot and the Internet for the existence and development of the foundation, can solve the heterogeneous network of the Internet a series of theoretical and technical problems.
1983, ARPAnet split into two parts, ARPAnet and the purely military use MILNET. At the same time, local area network and wide area networks and the formation of Bo on the development of the further development of the Internet has played an important role. Most notable is the U.S. National Science Foundation ASF (National Science Foundation) to establish the NSFnet. NSF in the United States established a district-based wide area network and computer networks in these areas and Supercomputer Center to the Internet. NFSnet in June 1990 completely replaced the ARPAnet and the Internet become a backbone.
NSFnet the Internet is the greatest contribution to the whole society open Internet, not only as before, as computer researchers and government agencies use. September 1990, by Merit, IBM and MCI jointly established a non-profit organizations - advanced network science companies ANS (Advanced Network & Science Inc.). ANS is intended to establish a nationwide network of T3 level, it’s to 45 Mbps data transfer rate. To the end of 1991, NSFnet’s backbone network with all the T3-ANS network of China Unicom.
Internet-second leap attributed to the commercialization of the Internet, a business into the Internet this strange world, sof79db411b665ebc3b34371674390638d found it in the communications, information retrieval, customer service and other aspects of the enormous potential. So numerous enterprises around the world have the influx of Internet, Internet has brought the history of the development of a new leap forward.
3, Internet in China’s development process and the status quo
On China’s public data communications network in China has established four major public data communications network, for the development of China’s Internet has created conditions.
(1) China’s public packet-switched data communications network (ChinaPAC). The network was launched in September 1993, the end of 1996 has covered the city and county level and above, part of the township developed areas, and the world 23 countries and regions in 44 Internet data network.
(2) China’s public digital data network (ChinaDDN). The network opened in 1994, the end of 1996 to cover more than 3,000 county-level cities and towns. China’s four major Internet backbone are mostly used ChinaDDN.
(3) China’s public frame relay network (ChinaFRN). The network has been in China’s eight major districts of the capital city set up a node, to the community to provide high-speed data and multimedia communications.
(4) China’s public computer Internet (ChinaNet). The network in 1995 and Internet connectivity, physical nodes covering 30 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) of more than 200 cities, covering all the telephone lines of business around the region. July 1998, the Chinese public computer Internet (ChinaNet) backbone network started the second phase project. The second phase project will be eight large range of trunk bandwidth expanded to 155 M, and will be eight large areas of all router nodes into Gigabit router.
The second half of 2000, China Telecom used n * 10Gbps DWDM and Gigabit router technology, ChinaNet conducted a large-scale expansion. At present, ChinaNet network nodes between the routing from the 155 M relay to raise 2.5 Gbps, speed 16 times, by the end of 2000 ChinaNet domestic total bandwidth has reached 800 Gbps, to March 2001 export total bandwidth of international breakthrough 3 Gbps.
On China’s Internet development stage
Internet development in China can process roughly divided into three stages:
The first stage is to study for the pilot phase of 1986.6-1993.3 (E-mail Only)
During this period some of China’s scientific research departments and institutions of higher learning began to study Internet networking technology, and carried out research projects and cooperation in science and technology work. This stage is limited to small network applications within the scope of e-mail service, but only a small number of colleges and universities, research institutions to provide e-mail services. Development experiences are as follows:
1986: Dial up (Terminal)
1990: X.25 (1989.11: CNPAC, 1993.9: CHINAPAC)
1993.3: Leased Line (DECnet) (Email Only)
The second stage is a 1994.4-1996, is the initial stage (Full Function Connection)
April 1994, the Zhongguancun area of education and research network demonstration projects access to the Internet, and Internet and the TCP / IP connection, thus opening a full-featured Internet services. Since then China was formally recognized internationally for the country. After, ChinaNet, CERnet, CSTnet, ChinaGBnet, and other Internet projects have been launched across the country, the Internet has begun to enter public life and in China have achieved rapid development. At the end of 1996, China’s Internet users has reached 200,000, the use of the Internet for business applications and gradually increased.
The third phase, from 1997 to date, is the rapid growth phase.
Domestic Internet users number 97 after basically doubling the per annum growth rate. Growth today, Internet users have more than 20 million. According to China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) report released by the Census and Statistics show that as of June 30, 2001, China’s total online computer about 10.02 million Taiwan, green Internet computer: 163 million units, dial-up Internet computer: 8390000 Desk, Internet users about 26.5 million people, including green for the number of Internet users 4540000, the number of dial-up Internet users to 17.93 million, while the use of green and the number of dial-up users to 4.03 million. In addition, while the use of other computer equipment (mobile terminals, information appliances) for the number of Internet users 1070000. CN domain names registered under 128,362, WWW sites 242,739, international export bandwidth 3257 Mbps.
Details can refer to the China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) “China’s Internet History.” China now has 10 import and export of furniture is an independent international lines of business of the Internet backbone unit, for education, science and technology, economy, trade and other fields of non-profit Internet backbone units. There are more than 600 Internet access service provider (ISP), which the provinces are operating around 200.
In the network infrastructure in recent years, China has opened a number of international fiber optic cable system. Has been completed and put into use by; Japan, China and South Korea, the global undersea fiber optic cable system, the Asia-Europe land optical cable system under construction are: the Asia-Pacific undersea fiber optic cable on the 2nd Sino-US undersea fiber optic cable, Yaou Hai at the end of fiber optic cable. In 1999, there were 13 domestic route cable put into use or test run. General Cable 1 million kilometers. Domestic Internet backbone network to the original channel full expansion, 155 M relay to the main circuit. With Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) technology widely used in building optical communications, Internet backbone network bandwidth up to 2.5 G-40G.
According to Leng Rongquan, deputy general manager of China Telecom Group, China’s Internet backbone network from 1996 to date has experienced three stages: in 1996, a majority of 64 K to 2 M transmission channel; 1997-99 to more than 2 M to 115 M The channel; 2000 to 2001 from 115 M Skip to the 2.5 G; Beginning in 2002, will gradually enter the 10 G era.
January 11, 2002, China Telecom Shanghai - Hangzhou 10 G IP over DWDM completed opening of the channel by constructing the long-distance WDM transmission system, using the Cisco long-distance WDM system and a series of high-speed Internet routers . This system has been the world’s major telecom operators used to build large-scale, rapid and stable operation of “IP + Optical” networks, and was proved to be good stability, reliability and advanced. Most of the country-wide data communication channel open, signifies that China’s Internet backbone transmission network from the 2.5 G into the 10 G era, marked China’s telecommunications data transmission capacity has reached advanced international level, China Telecom’s data network has become a true high-speed Data networks, massive bandwidth network.
Briefing on China’s 10 major Internet
At present China has 10 network operators (10 Internet units), there are about 200 inter-provincial network operators for the service provider (ISP). Top 10 Internet units are:
(1) China’s public computer Internet (CHINANET) (2) China Science and Technology Network (CSTNET)
(3) China Education and Research Network (CERNET) (4) China Jinqiao Information Network (CHINAGBN) (have been incorporated into China Netcom)
(5) China Unicom Internet (UNINET) (6) China Netcom public Internet (CNCNET)
(7) China Mobile Internet (CMNET) (8) China International Economic and Trade Internet (CIETNET)
(9) Great Wall of China Internet (CGWNET) (10) China’s satellite Internet Group (CSNET)
One non-profit units are four: China Science and Technology Network, the China Education and Research Network, the China International Economic and Trade Internet and the Great Wall of China Internet. This top 10 Internet units have an independent international export. Investigations revealed that as of September 30, 2001, China’s total international bandwidth of exports has reached 5724 M (see below, not including the Great Wall of China Internet bandwidth of international export data), with the CNNIC in January 2001 Internet survey report Released by the 2799 M compared to China’s mainland in a short span of nine months of the time, the international bandwidth exports increased by 2925 M, an increase of 105 percent. Among them, and the United States linked to a 4023 M (accounting for 70.3 percent), and Japan have linked to 314 M, and South Korea are linked to 251 M, and Hong Kong, China are linked to 749 M, and Macao, China linked to a 14 M, also with Australia, the United Kingdom Linked countries. In addition, the top 10 Internet unit and the State Internet Exchange (NAP) is also a link between the bandwidth to 3558 M. Ten units of China’s Internet bandwidth connectivity among the few, and some of China’s 10 major ISP and the Internet bandwidth connectivity between the units and the number of international export situation please refer to the Chinese the bandwidth Internet connection bandwidth Flash map.
4, the Internet brought about the opportunities and challenges
Internet has brought to the world of extraordinary opportunity. Human experience of the agricultural society, industrial society, is currently into the information society. Further information as materials, energy after another important strategic resource, its development and make full use of effective, has become a social and economic development and an important driving force for economic development of the important factors of production, it is changing people’s mode of production, Working methods, and way of life and learning.
First, the network has shortened the distance between time and space, greatly accelerated the transmission of information. Makes all kinds of social resources can be shared.
Second, the networks create more opportunities, can effectively increase the productivity of traditional industries, effectively stimulating consumer demand, thereby promoting economic growth. Promote the progress of productive forces.
Third, the network for the cultural exchanges at various levels provided a good platform.
Indeed the Internet has created a miracle, but miracles behind the existence of an increasingly prominent problem, the people put a great challenge. For example, the information gap between rich and poor started to expand, there unequal distribution of wealth; network of openness and globalization, and promote the sharing of knowledge of the human and economic globalization. But also makes network security and information security has become a very serious problem has become a network of inter-country competition among enterprises and high-tech competition and talent competition, network brings the global flow of information, but also aggravated the cultural infiltration, all countries For the defence of their network and work culture. China has a long culture, how to make such a massive culture on the network can be extended, this issue is particularly prominent.
5, Internet trends and characteristics of the development
Internet Development Research Network has experienced, running networks and commercial networks in three stages. So far, the world no one can know the exact scale Internet. Internet is in the first place people at an alarming rate unexpected development, today’s Internet has gradually changed from the various aspects of people’s work and way of life. People can always learn from the Internet the same day the latest weather information, news and travel information, see the same day as the newspapers and magazines, stock speculation in the home can be homes, shopping on the Internet, send and receive e-mail, enjoy telemedicine and tele-education And so on.
Internet significance lies not in its size, but because it provides a new global information infrastructure. In today’s world forward into the era of knowledge economy, information industry has become the world’s developed countries of the new pillar industries, to become the world to promote rapid economic development of the new source for extensive infiltration and to all fields, particularly in recent years Internet And application development, to fundamentally change the people’s thinking and way of life production, and promoted the development of all walks of life, the era of knowledge economy and become an important sign of one. Internet has a global information highway and the embryonic form the blueprint for the future information society. Throughout the history of the Internet, we can see that the main trend in the development of Internet performance in the following areas:
1) operating industrialization
Internet operators for the industry to the rapid rise of enterprises, from May 1995, the multi-year funding research and development of the Internet National Science Foundation (NSF) withdraw from the Internet, the right to operate the NFSnet transferred to the United States three largest private telecommunications company (that is, Sprint, MCI and ANS), the Internet is a major turning point in the history of the development.
2) commercial application
With the Internet for commercial applications and opening up, it has become a very good job of the electronic media business. Many companies, enterprises not only regarded it as marketing and customer support an important means, and regarded it as fax, courier and other means of communication cheap alternative to forming maintain contact with customers around the world and reduce the day-to-day operating costs. Such as: e-mail, IP telephony, network fax, VPN and e-commerce, and so on the growing importance of the people is the best example.
Although the Internet has been the development of 30-year history, but is mainly confined to the early U.S. research institutions, government agencies and its allies within the scope of use. Now is not the same, as countries have raised their own national conditions for the information highway plan, quickly formed a global information highway construction boom, all countries are the fastest possible connected to the Internet.
4) Internet broadband
With the network infrastructure improvements, the user access in the introduction of new technology, diversification and access the operator’s ability to improve services, access a slower rate of the bottleneck problems will be further improved, Internet speed will be faster , The bandwidth bottleneck constraint will be removed, the broadband Internet is bound to promote more applications in the realization of the Internet, and users can meet the various needs of the network.
5) multi-service integrated platform and intelligent
With the development of information technology, the Internet will become the image, voice and data “triple play” of integrated multimedia platform business, and e-commerce, e-government, e-business, medical electronics, e-learning, and other cross-integration. 10 to 20 years, the Internet will surpass newspapers, radio and television’s influence, gradually formed the “fourth media.”
To sum up, with telecommunications, television, computer, “Sanwangronghe” trend of the future of the Internet will be a truly multi-network integration, multi-service integrated platform and intelligent platform for the future of the Internet is a mobile + IP + Multimedia Broadcasting Network World, it can present all the integration of the communications business and to promote the rapid development of new business, the entire information technology industry to bring a revolution.
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